Enoch George Howard (b. 1814 - d. 1895)
MSA SC 5496-047811
Land owner, Cracklin District, Montgomery County, Maryland
Biography:
Enoch George Howard was born on October 11, 1814, likely to the slaves Jack and Polly1 on the Griffith farm near Unity, Maryland.2 After purchasing his own freedom on March 1, 1851 from Sarah Griffith,3 he then purchased his wife's freedom from Samuel R. Gaither on September 5, 1853.4
In 1860, Harriet Howard purchased her four oldest children from Samuel R. Gaither. The record specified that Harriet would legally own her sons until they reached thirty-five, and her daughters until they reached thirty.5 The transaction did not mention their youngest child, Maria, who was born free according to Maryland Law. The Howards had at least five children: John Henry in 1840; Mary Alice, nicknamed Mollie, in 1842; Martha Elizabeth in 1846; Greenbury W. in 1848; and Maria Gaither in 1854. The 1860 census showed Enoch George and Harriet Howard residing with their five remaining children in the Cracklin District of Montgomery County,6 and he appeared in that year's census under the name George Howard, as he did in most government records throughout his life.
Relatives of the Howard family likely lived Montgomery County as well. In 1860, Basil Matthews, a free African American living in Sandy Spring, manumitted seven children.7 Although the children's family relations are not definitively known at this time, two of these children shared the surname of Howard:Harriet (age fourteen) and Louis (age twelve). 8 Matthews had likely purchased these children for their own protection.
By the summer of 1860, Enoch George Howard had amassed $3,500 in personal property, $3,000 of which he used to purchase the late Beal Gaither's farm from Maria G. Griffith two years later.9 Situated next to William Belt's farm on the western bank of the Patuxent River,10 the land included parts of the tracts "Gaither's Forest," "Green Spring Resurveyed," and "Hard to Get and Dear Paid For." The property's stone manor house was called Locust Villa, which the Howard family also referred to as the "Home Mansion."11 Howard purchased another 204 acres in 1869.12
His farm produced mainly rye and oats, along with lesser quantities of corn, rice, and barley. Howard's livestock included eight milk cows, fourteen pigs, four cattle, a pair of mules, a pair of horses, and two pairs of oxen.13 More common on Midwestern farms than in Maryland,14 the four oxen provided a powerful resource in plowing the farm's large acreage. In 1870, the agricultural census listed nearly seventy percent of Howard's land as improved, at a value of ten dollars per acre.15
Howard continued buying and selling land in Montgomery and Howard counties
through the 1880s. Land records showed him purchasing at least 650 acres
of farmland during his lifetime, and selling over 420 acres.16 Howard invested portions of his wealth in stocks, owning $200 in private securities in 1867, and icreasing
his securities to $797 by 1869.17 Furthermore, in 1870, he owned thirty-seven
dollars in gold or silver plate and twenty dollars in watches, valuable
assets that the state assessed separately for each property owner.
Howard also used his funds to assist other African Americans in purchasing land. In 1870, for instance, he lent Wilson Lincoln and Thomas R. Bond the funds to buy 125 acres of land near Unity.18 Like Howard, Lincoln was probably a former slave of the Griffith family. Howard also left solid evidence of his involvement with the free black community that surrounded his property near the Patuxent River. In 1878, Howard (himself illiterate) sold a tenth of an acre of land for a school for African American students.19 The schoolhouse appeared as "Schl. Ho. No. 2" on Hopkins 1879 map of Montgomery County.20 His daughter, Maria, was already teaching school in 1870, manifesting the family’s concern for the education of the community’s black children.21 Howard also constructed the Howard Chapel near the school in 1889,22 with the chapel's cemetery including the graves of several Howard family members and descendents.
In 1879, Howard appeared on G.M. Hopkins map of Montgomery County, which showed two residences under his ownership: Locust Villa and another property farther north. Different members of the Howard family lived in these houses at various times. For instance, in 1870, Enoch George Howard was living at Locust Villa, while his son, John, was living at the northern residence. In 1872, Howard's son Greenbury listed his mailing address as the Roxbury Mills post office, just across the Patuxent River in Howard County.23 John and Enoch George Howard had switched locations by 1880, with John probably living in a wooden-frame house near Locust Villa, rather than at the Villa itself.24 In 1885, Howard sold approximately 100 acres to each of his sons, with John paying two dollars and Greenbury paying five.25
By then, all five of the Howards' children had married. In 1862, John Henry Howard married Harriet A. Gaither, remaining in Montgomery County as a farmer.26 In 1864, Mary Alice Howard married Benjamin F. Harding, a non-slaveholding white farmer in Barnesville, and was listed as white in the 1870 census.27 Martha Elizabeth Howard married the Civil War veteran John H. Murphy in 1868, later providing $200 to help her husband found Baltimore's historic Afro American newspaper.28 Greenbury W. Howard and Rebecca Nettles married in 1876, and lived on the Howard family farm for the rest of their lives.29 In 1885, Maria Gaither Howard married an African American physician, Jacob B. Oliver, and had moved all the way to Indiana with her husband by 1900.30
Even as their children grew up and left home, Enoch George and Harriet Howard's house remained full, with various relatives and friends living with them throughout the years. As early as 1860, two adolescents named Flodorado and Gilbert Howard were living in the Howards' household. James Howard, a forty-five-year-old African American farm laborer from Virginia, resided with the family in 1870, along with two children named Gustavus and Elijah Dorsey.31 Harriet Coxon, Frances Murphy, James Blair, and William Holland were among the names listed in the Howard residence in 1880.32
Several sources even attribute Howard with providing lodging for the slave Dred Scott during the controversial Scott vs. Sanford case.33 Scott had sued for freedom after his owner, John Emerson, had taken Scott into the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans—whether slave or free—were ineligible for citizenship and therefore unable to legally petition their freedom in court. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a pro-slavery Maryland native, also held that slaves who were taken into free territory still remained slaves.34 Unfortunately, no known documentation exists at the Archives in support of Scott's reputed sojourn at Howard's home. However, according to local legends and Howard family history, Howard assisted runaway slaves as well, with the family's history also recounting two of Howard's sons escaping to Canada through the Underground Railroad before Enoch George Howard had bought his family's freedom.35
Howard passed away on January 14, 1895.36 On January 25th,
the Montgomery County Sentinel reported that "George Howard, an
old and highly respected colored man of this community, died at his home
on Tuesday last."37 In his will, Howard distributed his entire
estate equally among his five children, giving each of his sons and daughters
one-fifth of his property.38 He was buried at Howard family
cemetery, along with his wife Harriet, who had died on December 22, 1882.
The Patuxent River State Park encompasses much of Howard's land today,
although Locust Villa and the Howard Chapel are no longer standing.39
1.
Sue Anne Pressley. "The Similarities That Bind: Family's Canadian, Md.
Branches Close Gap Left by Slavery."
The Washington Post 15 Jul
1990, D1 ProQuest databases.
"Underground Railroad's Poignant Connections; D.C. Area Boasts Many
Links to Freedom Route."
Washington Times 2 August 2006: 6. Web.
www.washingtontimes.com.
2.
Sandy Spring Museum.
Sandy Spring Legacy (Sandy Spring, MD: Sandy
Spring Museum: 1999) 32.
"Early Doers: Enoch
George Howard." Early Families at Work and Play. The Sandy Spring Museum.
www.sandyspringmuseum.org.
3. MONTGOMERY COUNTY COURT (Land Records), Liber STS 5, Folio 282, 1850-1851, [MSA CE 148-43]. Sarah Griffith to George Howard, March 1, 1851. Deed of Manumission.
4.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber JGH 2, Folio
425, 1853-1853, [MSA CE 63-2]. Samuel R. Gaither to Harriet Howard, September
5, 1853. Deed of Manumission.
Sandy Spring Museum 32.
5. MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, (Land Records), 1860-1862, Liber JGH 8, Folio 36,
[MSA CE 63-9]. Samuel R. Gaither to Harriet Howard, March 9, 1860.
Sandy Spring Museum 32.
6. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for George Howard, 1860, Montgomery County, District 1, Page 20, Line 1 [MSA SM61-213, M 7223-1].
7. U.S.
Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for Basil Matthews, 1850, Montgomery
County, Page 33, Line 37 [MSA SM61-142, M 1499-1].
U.S. Census
Bureau (Census Record, MD) for Bassil Matthews, 1860, Montgomery County,
Page [MSA SM61-213, M 7223-1].
8. MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, (Land Records), 1860-1862, Liber JGH 8, Folio 108,
[MSA CE 63-9]. Basil Matthews to Harriet Howard, May 15, 1860.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, (Land Records), 1860-1862, Liber JGH 8, Folio 108,
[MSA CE 63-9]. Basil Matthews to Louis Howard, May 15, 1860.
9. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber JGH 8, Folio 671, 1860-1862, [MSA CE 63-9]. Kate A. Warfield to George Howard. August 5, 1862.
10. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, (Census Record,
MD), 1870, Agriculture, [S1184-11]. George Howard, Cracklin District, Montgomery
County, Line 19.
"William Belt
House." Brookeville, Montgomery County, M: 23-10. Maryland Historical Trust.
www.mdihp.net.
11. Montgomery County County Circuit Court (Land Records), Liber JA 53, Folio 412, 1896-1896, [MSA CE 63-99]. George Howard, estate, to Maria G. Oliver, et al., March 13, 1896.
12. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
(Land Records), Liber EBP 7, Folio 122, 1869-1870, [MSA CE 63-17]. Richard
H. Griffith to George Howard, June 15, 1869.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber JGH 4, Folio 446, 1854-1855,
[MSA CE 63-4]. Richard H. Griffith to Jeffrey P. T. Magruder, August 1,
1855.
13. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, (Census Record, MD), 1870, Agriculture, [S1184-11]. George Howard, Cracklin District, Montgomery County, Line 19.
14. Samuel Morton Peto. Resources and Prospects of America: Ascertained During a Visit to the States in the Autumn of 1865 (New York, NY: Alexander Strahan & Co., 1866) 76.
15. U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, (Census Record, MD), 1870, Agriculture, [S1184-11]. George Howard, Cracklin District, Montgomery County, Line 19.
16. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
(Land Records), Liber JGH 8, Folio 671, 1860-1862, [MSA CE 63-9]. Kate
A. Warfield to George Howard, August 5, 1862.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 8, Folio 11, 1870-1871,
[MSA CE 63-18]. Wilson J. Lincoln and Thomas R. Bond to George Howard,
September 5, 1870. Mortgage.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 18, Folio 430, 1878-1878,
[MSA CE 63-28]. George Howard and Harriet Howard to Samuel Jones, Walter
M. Talbott, and William T. Jones, School Commissioners, February 5, 1873.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 18, Folio 430, 1878-1878,
[MSA CE 63-28]. George Howard to Board of County School Commissioners,
February 5, 1878.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 7, Folio 122, 1869-1870,
[MSA CE 63-17]. Richard H. Griffith to George Howard, June 15, 1869.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 36, Folio 232, 1885-1885,
[MSA CE 63-46]. George Howard to John H. Howard, November 16, 1885.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 36, Folio 235, 1885-1885,
[MSA CE 63-46]. George Howard to Greenbury W. Howard, November 16, 1885.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 29, Folio 276. 1883-1884,
[MSA CE 63-39]. George Howard to Eliza A. Lincoln and Wilson J. Lincoln,
September 4, 1883.
17. MONTGOMERY COUNTY, BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS, (Assessment Record), Date: 1864-1869, Description:
Election District 1, Location: 01/19/06/010, MdHR Number: 20,115-8, MSA
Citation: MSA C1111-4. George Howard, "Negro," District 1.
United States
Post Office. United States Official Postal Guide. Albany, NY: J.
B. Lyon Company, 1906. 230.
18. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 8, Folio 11, 1870-1871, [MSA CE 63-18]. Wilson J. Lincoln and Thomas R. Bond to George Howard, September 5, 1870. Mortgage.
19. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
(Land Records), Liber EBP 18, Folio 430, 1878-1878, [MSA CE 63-28]. George
Howard to Board of County School Commissioners, February 5, 1878.
"Howard Chapel
Ruin and Cemetery." Brookeville, Montgomery County, M: 23-11. Maryland
Historical Trust. www.mdihp.net.
20. G.M. Hopkins.
Atlas for Fifteen
Miles Around Baltimore Including Howard Co., Maryland. Philadelphia,
PA: F. Bourquin, 1878. 23.
"Howard Chapel Ruin and Cemetery." Brookeville, Montgomery
County, M: 23-11. Maryland Historical Trust. www.mdihp.net
21. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for George Howard, 1870, Montgomery County, District 1, Page 9, Line 20.
22. "Howard Chapel Ruin and Cemetery." Brookeville, Montgomery County, M: 23-11. Maryland Historical Trust. www.mdihp.net.
23. U.S. Freedman's Bank Records (1865 - 1874). Branch: Baltimore, MD. Series: M816, Roll: 13, Page: 505, Account: 4305. Greenbury Howard, January 2, 1872. Heritage Quest Online. www.sailor.lib.md.us/cgi-bin/hqo.
24. "Howard House, Ruin." Brookeville, Montgomery County, M: 23-8B. Maryland Historical Trust. www.mdihp.net.
25. MONTGOMERY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
(Land Records), Liber EBP 36, Folio 232, 1885-1885, [MSA CE 63-46]. George
Howard to John H. Howard, November 16, 1885.
MONTGOMERY
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Land Records), Liber EBP 36, Folio 235, 1885-1885,
[MSA CE 63-46]. George Howard to Greenbury W. Howard, November 16, 1885.
26. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for John Howard, 1870, Montgomery County, District 1, Page 8, Line 26 [MSA SM61-273, M 7254].
27. Maryland Marriage Record for Benjamin
F. Harding and Mary A. Howard, January 26, 1864, Montgomery County. Jordan
Dodd, Liahona Research, comp. Maryland Marriages, 1667-1899. Provo,
UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000. www.ancestry.com.
U.S. Census
Bureau (MD) for Benjamin F. Harding, 1870, Montgomery County, District
3, Page 15, Line 26.
28. Phyllis Hathaway. "M. Elizabeth
Murphy Moss, 1917-. Newspaper Publisher."
Notable Maryland Women.
Winifred G. Helmes, ed. Cambridge, MD: Tidewater, 1977. 240-42.
C. Fraser
Smith.
Here Lies Jim Crow: Civil Rights in Maryland. Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 162-163.
29. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record,
MD) for Greenberry Howard, 1880, Montgomery County, Cracklin, District
107, Page 1, Line 14 [MSA SM61-324, M 4748-2].
U.S.
Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for Greenbury W. Howard, 1910, Montgomery
County, Laytonsville, District 101, Page 17, Line 12 [MSA SM61-454, M 3269-2].
30. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for John H. Howard, 1900, Montgomery County, Laytonsville, District 49, Page 10, Line 76 [MSA SM61-416, M 2386-2].
31. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for George Howard, 1870, Montgomery County, District 1, Page 9, Line 20 [MSA SM61-273, M 7254].
32. U.S. Census Bureau (Census Record, MD) for George Howard, 1880, Montgomery County, Cracklin District, Page 1, Line 19 [MSA SM61-324, M 4748-2].
33. "Underground Railroad Experience Trail." Montgomery County Department of Parks.
34. United States Supreme Court. A
Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and the
Opinions of the Judges Thereof, in the Case of Dred Scott versus John F.
A. Sandford, December Term, 1856 (New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co.,
1857).
Dred Scott."
Notable
Black American Men. Gale Research, 1998. Biography Resource Center.
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC.
"Dred
Scott
Decision." 2009. This Day in History. The History Channel.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=2128.
"Dred Scott's
Fight for Freedom." Judgement Day: Fugitive Slaves and Northern Racism.
Africans
in America. PBS Online. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/home.html.
35. Sue Anne Pressley. "The Similarities That Bind: Family's Canadian, Md. Branches Close Gap Left by Slavery." The Washington Post 15 Jul 1990: D1. ProQuest databases.
36. The Montgomery County Sentinel states that Enoch George Howard's death occurred on January 15th. However, Howard's headstone in the Howard family cemetery states his death as January 14, 1895.
37. "Local and Personal: Unity Items." Montgomery County Sentinel 25 January 1895: 3 [MSA SC 2813, Reel M 482-02].
38. MONTGOMERY COUNTY, REGISTER OF WILLS, (Wills), Liber GCD 2, Folio 227, [CM756-6, CR 44-2]. George Howard, April 18, 1862, probated February 5, 1895.
39. "Howard Chapel Ruin and Cemetery."
Brookeville, Montgomery County, M: 23-11. Maryland Historical Trust. www.mdihp.net
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